Short Report of Review on Sustainability Disclosure Essay

To: Finance Director Subject: Short report of review on sustainability disclosure There is a growing trend among companies to disclose and report their social and environmental impacts not only concerned with the financial performance of a company but its impact on society and environment. Thus, sustainability becomes an important issue. Sustainability is the capacity to endure and is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which included environmental, economic, and social dimensions. It is mandatory for a company to disclose its sustainability information. In addition , the sustainability disclosure is based on a theory called system-oriented theory, which includes three aspects:stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and†¦show more content†¦Managerial branch seeks to explain and predict how an organization will react to the demands of various stakeholder groups. Management will respond to the information demands of stakeholders perceived as being powerful. The greater the importance of the stakeholders, the greater will be the expectation that the management will take action to manage the relationship with stakeholders. AGL shareholders were paid dividends totaling 60.0 cents per share for the full financial year 2011, and increase of 1.0 cent per share, or 1.7%, on the financial year 2010. [pic] Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy theory posits that organizations seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies; that is they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties to be legitimate. This theory relies on the notion that there is a social contract between an organization and the society in which it operates. AGL is Australias leading renewable energy company and is Australias largest private owner, operator and developer of renewable generation assets. It is taking action towards creating a sustainable energy future for our investors, communities and customers. AGLs goal is to invest in cleaner energy forms to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of energy across the supply chain and achieve excellently environmental managementShow MoreRelatedThe Standards Of Behavior Team Energy1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthings right while promoting sustainable development in the country. This resulted to TeaM Energy’s first sustainabili ty report in 2009 which fulfilled the requirement of GRI-G3 guidelines at Application Level C (self-declared). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a global standard in sustainability reporting and according to the guidelines the report accuracy and veracity of the report must be based on test criteria to assess the reporting organization’s performance. The company has taken partRead MoreCsr And Its Impact On Sustainability1017 Words   |  5 PagesCountless corporations understand the need for CSR and claim to have sustainable strategies in place, but are the strategies real or is it a facade? 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Excessive Alcohol Consumption--its Effects And Social Accept

Excessive Alcohol Consumptionamp;#8212; Its Effects and Social Acceptance nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rumors and old wivesamp;#8217; tales such as stress makes women heavier drinkers, divorce prompts heavy alcohol use, people drive better when they are drinking, and teenagers are the main group of drunk drivers, are being thrown at todayamp;#8217;s society left and right in an effort to blame the other guy. With all the talk about alcohol use and abuse these days, people are lost between fact and fiction. All of this tossed in with the truth leads to confusion where most of society is torn between tradition and personal beliefs. Alcohol is a destructive drug that can lead to addiction, arrest, illness, and even death; all of these†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although studies show that alcohol consumed in small amounts can actually help the body remain healthy by stimulating cell functions, heavy or chronic use produces an opposite, suppressive effect on cell production (Wolfgan 3-4). Excessive usage can cause damage to many areas of the body, including the liver, the heart, and the brain. The liver is the primary target because it deals directly with the metabolism of alcohol. And even though light use of alcohol has been shown to help prevent coronary artery disease, prolonged use causes many problems for the heart and brain, which are the next two hardest hit organs. Heart disease, heart failure, stroke, high blood pressure, and neuropsychological disorders are among the worst consequences (Wolfgan 5). Also, taking depressants or tranquilizers while drinking can cause death (Fettner 276). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alcohol does not only affect its immediate users, either; it may also affect the offspring of chronic users. Exposure in prenatal and early postnatal development shows an increased risk of disrupt in development or damage to the immune system. The most severe defect resulting from prenatal alcohol consumption, however, is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by many behavioral problems (Wolfgan 7). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Several types of violence, including homicides, suicides,Show MoreRelatedAlcohol Consumption in the US Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesBinge drinking and alcohol consumption amongst US college students and US adults has proven that it is extremely dangerous and is responsible for many deaths. 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Trade and Environment Law for Rio Declaration - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTrade and Environment Law for Rio Declaration. Answer: Introduction Rio Declaration, or is fully referred to as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, was a very short document which had been produced back in 1992 at the UNCED, i.e. the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which is also referred o as Earth Summit. This declaration covered 27 distinctive principles which had the intention of guiding the different countries in future sustainable development. This declaration had been signed by more than 170 nations. The significance of Rio Declaration lies in the rising awareness regarding the environment before the world. Through this declaration, remarkable efforts were placed in scientific contributions which acted as a catalyst in the environmental movement[1]. Principle 2 of Rio Declaration is the prevention principle, which in many ways, is the foundational principle of this declaration. This discussion is focused on highlighting principle 2 of this declaration, along with the manner in which this principle helps in solving the global environmental problems. In doing so, the discussion would elucidate principle 2 of this declaration, along with the role played by it. The discussion would then transcend to the manner in which this principle helps in solving environmental problems. In doing all this, reference would be made to the two leading cases of Trail Smelter Arbitration Arbitral Trib.[2] and Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania)[3]. Contents of principle This declaration gives the principles which recognize the significance of environment preservation and puts forth the global guidelines for doing this. It presents the standards which the member nations of UN have to follow in creating their domestic and international environmental policies, and is also the basis of forming agreements as it relates to conservation and environment[4]. Principle 2 of this declaration provides that as per the UN Charter and the international law principles, the states have the sovereign right of exploiting their resources, based on their environmental and developmental policies. It further states that the states have the duty of making certain that the activities in their jurisdiction or under their control are not damaging the environment of other states or of such areas which are out of their national jurisdiction limits[5]. This prevention principle has three key components. These three are sovereignty over the natural resources, preventing transboundary environmental harm and preventing environmental harm which is beyond the natural jurisdiction. The sovereign dimension links this principle to the principle covered under Principle 3 which is of right of development, along with linking it to development set, in which the prevention dimension brings the intergeneration equity aspect covered under principle 3 together and also the principle 4, resulting in creation of environment set. There is a trend being seen in the prevention dimension being understood as a due diligence duty, in context of the environment, despite the location, which also includes the purely domestic activities. This principle presents that the states have to prevent damage to the environment and also have to work on reducing, controlling and limiting such activities which pose a risk of such damage or do actually cause damage[6]. A key point which has to be noted down regarding this principle is that principle 2 reflects customary international law, and yet it is not decisive. Regarding the activities which cause environmental degradation or pollution, this principle shoes the requirement of addressing other questions. For instance, what exactly is environmental damage, and what are the prohibited environmental damages. The responsibility imposed on the states to refrain from causing environmental damages in the areas which are out of their jurisdiction predates Stockholm Conference. Further, it is related to the states obligation of protecting the rights of other states within the territory, particularly the right of integrity and inviolability in war and peace. This obligation had been relied by arbitral tribunal in the often cited Trial Smelter case. In this case, it was provided that under the principles of international law, there was no such state which had the right of allowing the use of territory or using territory in a way which results in injury by fumes in another persons territory, where the case revolves around injury and serious results established through convincing and clear evidence[7]. The majority of writers have accepted this particular formulation as being a rule of customary international law. The example of this is the conclusion of Rapporteur of ILA Committee on the Legal Aspects of Environment after examining the state practice based on rule drawn in Trail Smelter case. This had also been cited by Judge de Castro, with apparent approval, in the dissenting statement made in the Nuclear Tests case[8]. In this particular case, ICJ had been asked by Australia to declare that carrying further atmospheric nuclear tests was no consistent with the rules which were applicable in the international law. Thus, it would have been unlawful so far it covers modification of physical condition over and of territory of Australia, along with the resources of seas and pollution of atmosphere. The precautionary principle is not something which has been present in the global environmental laws since a long time. Even then, it is a principle which has attained prominent position as being a topic of debate. This principle aims at anticipating and avoiding the environmental damages, before they even take place. This preventive measure is novel in varied manner and it ultimately services lower mitigation costs of the resulting environmental damages. Execution of precautionary principle continues to be tricky in economic sense, as it puts duty on those who form possible risks instead of posing responsibility on those who have done something in the past. It is both crucial and debatable feature that this principle shifts the burden of science based evidence from the ones who would slow down or restrict a possibly risky act to the ones who undertake the activity[9]. As stated earlier, there have been legal commentators who have raised the arguments that the precautionary principle approaches level of customary international law. There also has been pointed out that such status is not attained owing to the fact that the precautionary principle had been somewhat unclear and had been interpreted in different manners, and is not accepted on national level by much of world. One of the descriptions of this principle is that it is culturally framed and evolving concept which takes its indication from the changing notions regarding the suitable roles of politic, law, ethics, economics and science in the protection and management of environment in a proactive manner. As per James Cameron, who is one of the proponents of this principle, there are various legal principles where indirect precautionary measures were present. The most important one was the tort concept of strict liability where absolute liability in activities is provided; for instance burial of environmental waste being deemed as abnormally dangerous. The possibility of being held liable in a strict manner has been explained by Cameron when the individual acts in a manner which shows lack of reasonable care, and where the actors had to be more careful and had to consider the costs associated with the possible liabilities before they acted. Another substantial point raised by Cameron was that it is commonly criticized on the grounds of being uncertain, as this was something which could not be proved with 100% certainty[10]. Solving environmental problems This principle is of particular significance in context of solving the global environmental problems like loss of biodiversity and climate problem. Where this declaration or particularly its principle 2 is applied, the issues which threaten the environment can be prevented. To show the role of principle 2 in this context, two cases have been detailed here. The Trial Smelter Arbitration case involved a case in which US sought damages from Canada by bringing legal action against them in the court and also applied for injunction owing to air pollution in Washington, as a result of Trail Smelter, which was a Canadian company having its domicile in Canada. The rule which was applied in this case was covered under principle 2, where the states have the duty of protecting against harmful act of people within their jurisdiction at all times as being the states responsibility. The climate in Washington from period of 1925 to 1937 was damaged due to resultant effect of sulphur dioxide. The issue in this case was whether it was the responsibility of the state towards protecting the other states from the harmful ill effects by individuals at all times from within its jurisdiction[11]. The court held in this case that it was the responsibility of the state of protecting the other states from harmful acts by people at all times from its jurisdiction. The states do not have the right of using or allowing using the territory in a way which would cause damage owing to fumes to another or to the proper or other individuals as was covered under the laws of US and the international law principles. The arbitration, after looking into the facts of this case, stated that it was the responsibility of Canada, under the international law, regarding the conduct which was undertaken by the company of Canada. The responsibility was on the government of Canada to ensure that the conduct of Trail Smelter followed the obligations covered in Canada, in conformity with the international law. The company thus was required to stop causing any damage from fumes so long as the conditions present in Washington, of pollution, were present[12]. Another case which is of significance in this context is the Corfu Channel case. In this matter, the British warships were fired at by the Albanians which had been sailing across the North Corfu Channel. The Albanians stated that the foreign ships did not have the right of passing across the territorial waters of Albanian, without the previous permission and notification from authorities of Albania, when the UK protested the actions of forces of Albanian. UK put forth the argument that the states could see the ships for innocent purposes across the straits which were used in the international navigation. But this was refuted by Albanians on the grounds that the channel did not come under class F international highways, which presented the passage right, as it was meant for local traffic exclusively[13]. In this matter the court held that the geographical situation which connected two parts of high seas and the same not being used in international navigation was test of whether a chan nel had to be considered as one which belonged to class of international highways where passage could not be restricted by coastal state in peace times. The ICJ in this case had affirmed that it was not the obligation of each and every state to allow its territory to be used for acts which went against the rights of other states in a knowing manner[14]. Conclusion Thus, to bring this discussion to its conclusion, it can be stated that the purpose of this discussion has been fulfilled. Rio Declaration is a key document in context of environmental protection. The discussion provided a detail on the principle 2 of Rio Declaration in context of the role played by this preventive principle in making it the responsibility of the states to stop any such acts by their individuals or entities, which could injure or harm the environment of such area which is out of their jurisdiction. This principle effectively stops the nations from harming the environment of other nations. And this is the reason why it is deemed as the fundamental base of Rio Declaration. This point was established through the two cases, particularly the Trial Smelter Arbitration where Canada had to bear the impact of a company domiciled in Canada polluting the environment of US, as based on this principle, it was seen as a duty of Canada to control its entities. Thus, this principle is an effective principle in safeguarding the environment and also helps in solving the environmental problems, as and when they are raised. Bibliography Articles/ Books/ Journals Sands P, Peel J, and MacKenzie R, Principles of International Environmental Law (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Viuales JE, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2015) Cases Australia v France (1974) ICJ Reports 253 Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) I.C.J. 1949 I.C.J 4. 22. Trail Smelter Arbitration Arbitral Trib., 3 U.N. Rep. Intl Arb. Awards 1905 (1941) Others Case Briefs, Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (2018) https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/international-law/international-law-keyed-to-damrosche/chapter-17/corfu-channel-case-united-kingdom-v-albania-2/ Case Briefs, Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (2018) https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/international-law/international-law-keyed-to-damrosche/chapter-17/corfu-channel-case-united-kingdom-v-albania-2/2/ Case Briefs, Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada) (2018) https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/international-law/international-law-keyed-to-damrosche/chapter-18/trail-smelter-arbitration-united-states-v-canada/ Case Briefs, Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada) (2018) https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/international-law/international-law-keyed-to-damrosche/chapter-18/trail-smelter-arbitration-united-states-v-canada/2/ EClass, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (2018) https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PSPA121/Stockholm%20and%20Rio%20Declarations.pdf Facing Finance, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (2018) https://www.facing-finance.org/en/database/norms-and-standards/the-rio-declaration-on-environment-and-development/ Stevens M, The Precautionary Principle in the International Arena (2002) https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1278context=sdlp Viuales JE, 1 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (2015) https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199686773.001.0001/law-9780199686773-chapter-1#law-9780199686773-chapter-1-div3-2

Lab Report Operational Amplifier Application Essay Example

Lab Report Operational Amplifier Application Paper In this report, we Will go through two experiments, Which are the fundamental circuits of operational amplifiers: non-inverting and inverting amplifier circuits, to analyze the difference between ideal and real pop-amps. For the following section, the relevant theory will be introduced, and then the detail and results of the experiments Will be discussed before proceeding to conclusion. Theory Figure 1 The pop amp and its ideal attributes As the Figurer shown, operational amplifier has two inputs labeled (+) and (-) with positive and negative power supply, and a single output. It is primarily a sigh gain differential amplifier which amplifies the difference tot voltages been two inputs. The output voltage of the amplifier Bout is given by the following formula: Bout = A (VT V-) Where A is the open loop voltages gain of the amplifier, which typically is very large about ISO at low frequency. And V- are the non-inverting and inverting input voltage respectively. From the equation, output voltage is entirely governed by the difference between the two input voltages. However for real pop-amps inputs do draw a small amount of current and the output voltage is affected by the output current drawn. Poor the analysis, both inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are applying negative feedback. It cause the V- to increase, hence voltages Of the two input terminals Will be much closed together. And the input draw current is assumed to be zero. Therefore Kerchiefs first (current) Law and Kerchiefs second (voltage) Law could be applied. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Operational Amplifier Application specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Operational Amplifier Application specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Operational Amplifier Application specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Experiment The main apparatus for this experiment are the test board with TLS power supply, Kingwood ACCESS oscilloscope, Homage DVDs, and the input signal function generator is Homage HM80030-2. Inverting amplifier: Bout=-RFC Vein Inverting amplifier: Figure 2 Inverting Amplifier Constructing the circuit of an inverting amplifier as shown in figure 2 on the test board. In order to make an amplifier with a gain of . 10, setting RI 2. 7 k and RFC = 27 aquaplaning a Homage signal generator, a KHz sine wave was supply into the amplifier input, the amplitude should be adjusted to low values to prevent waveform distortion occur. Moreover, connecting the input and output of amplifier to X-Y channels of the Oscilloscope, to check the waveform and verity the amplification, If both inputs are held at a common zero, the offset voltage will not be zero as deadly owing to a small amount of bias currents and internal imbalances of a real amplifier. Setting the oscilloscope to X-Y mode, a graph like Figure 3 will be display in the screen. The output offset voltage which is the sum of two independent variables, one is Input offset voltage (Vein offal the other one is input bias current (In bias ). The equation of the Bout off is given below: Bout off=Vein offal+RFC+line bias RFC For the experimental purpose, the values of RI and RFC should be varied to form simultaneous equations, as a result, Vein Off and In bias could be derived separately. When applying RI = 2. Non and RFC = kick , the value of offset voltages Obtained was urn: furthermore, the value Of Bout Off increased to I Iron While RI = 0. Aka and RFC = Aka. Hence the simultaneous equation could be solved: offshoot 2. K*line bias ask Vein off= 0. 916 NV offal bias ask In bias 06. 92 an Figure 3 WY mode trace of Bout against Vein With the respect to Figure 3, the values foeman and Vein acquired from experiment are and -1 IV, therefore the real output voltage range is from -IV to +13. IV when  ±IV supply rails are being used. Additionally, two horizontal nines reveal that maximum and minimum output voltages will less than the supply rail voltages due to the energy losses in the internal resistors. Figure 4 Measurement of the output impedance Measure the output impedance of the inverting amplifier by setting input voltage to ground, and injecting a load current to output side by adding a signal generator which drives a 10 kHz sine wave via a 2200 resistor. Compare the difference between V out and V load shown in figure 4 by applying the oscilloscope, so that the output impedance could be derived by following equation Output impedance: V outlet here lout=(V load- V out)220 As the result, the value Of output impedance obtained from experiment is I . Q, which is quite small but still not equal to zero as ideal situation. In addition to this, V out Will rise when the frequency Of the signal is increasing; Meanwhile, the closed loop output impedance Will tend to zero. Because the deviation between the V out and V load is getting smaller. Inverting amplifier: Bout=1+Riving Non-inverting amplifier: Bout= 1 Vein Figure S: Nan-inverting amplifier Converting the circuit in to non-inverti ng amplifier and using the same values of RFC and RI ,Moreover, applying the signal to the positive input of pop-amps, thus a positive gain can be acquired Much more interesting, the output offset voltage and output impedance will stay the same as values obtained from inverting amplifier. The reason is the resistors for both circuits are consistent. Discussion Prom the investigation Of the experiments, the gain Of non-ideal amplifiers is finite and it could be affected by the changing in frequency and existence of input Offset voltages. Experiments have shown that there is error input voltage due to the non-zero bias currents flowing in the input terminals. Also they have proved that the maximum gain Of real pop-amps is finite and limited by maximum and minimum supply voltages. During the experiment, it is vital to be aware of the error that may occur. Generally, errors can be divided into tuft categories which are the systematic errors and random errors. Unfortunately, systematic errors are unavoidable because of the existing error in the equipment used in the experiments. For instance, homage DVDs can accurate about 0. 1% for DC voltages and 0. 2% for resistance; the accuracy of AC signals is around 1% while the frequency is within angel from GHz to kHz. However,the random error could be minimized to the best extent by taking several measurements and using the average values. Conclusion The results acquired from the experiments reveal the properties of both inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, and describe the differences between real and ideal pop-amp Further, the phase relationships of input and output voltage for the inverting amplifier are 180 degrees out of phase; as opposed to this, they are in phase with each other for Nan-inverting amplifier.